The Praxis Middle School Mathematics test is designed to certify examinees as teachers of middle school mathematics. Examinees have typically completed a bachelor’s program with an emphasis in mathematics education, mathematics, or education. Course work will have included many of the following topics: theory of arithmetic, foundations of mathematics, geometry for elementary and middle school teachers, algebra for elementary and middle school teachers, the big ideas of calculus, data and their uses, elementary discrete mathematics, elementary probability and statistics, history of mathematics, mathematics appreciation, and the use of technology in mathematics education... The test is not designed to be aligned with any particular school mathematics curriculum, but it is intended to be consistent with the recommendations of national studies on mathematics education such as the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000) and the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) Program Standards for Initial Preparation of Mathematics Teachers (2003).